A lo largo de la historia ha habido unas religiones que han estado muy vinculadas con la tensión política internacionaL Actualmente también ocurre así. Cuando la religión está presente en un conflicto político el problema se intensifica, se extiende geográficamente y perdura temporalmente. Los intentos del siglo XX de contar con un gobierno mundial (Sociedad de las Naciones, ONU, G 8, OTAN), han sido, tras el 11 de septiembre, sustituidos por el poder de los Estados Unidos que lo ejerce en (...) el marco de una tensión Norte-Sur. El Islam en el Sur y el judaismo en el Norte son importantes factores de operatividad en la sociedad internacional a cuya crisis se asoman también las demás religiones. (shrink)

Patients with strokes to the Anterior Communicating Artery pose an important challenge to rehabilitation teams due to a particular mix of cognitive and behavioral impairments. These deficits often compromise engagement with rehabilitation, learning and generalization. The goal of this article is to describe the long-term presentation of a patient with an ACoA stroke as well as her rehabilitation needs and the many challenges experienced by the rehabilitation team when attempting to facilitate functional, vocational and psychosocial recovery. Based on this case, (...) and the existing literature, a neuropsychological rehabilitation framework to understand and address the specific problems and needs of this population is proposed. This framework demands rehabilitation teams to consider: the slow pattern of recovery of this population, the interaction between cognitive and behavioral impairments, the relevance of physical and social environments, the value of personal projects and the need to include psychological and relational interventions. (shrink)

Respuesta al comentario de Gustavo Caponi. “Ginnobili, Santiago. ‘El estatus fenomenológico de la teoría de la selección natural’”, Ideas y Valores LXII/152 (2013): 319-322.

Durante la década de 1950 Karlheinz Stockhausen adhirió a los principios modernistas promovidos por la Escuela de Darmstadt que dieron lugar al desarrollo del serialismo integral. En su búsqueda de renovación del lenguaje musical, Stockhausen intentó aplicar esta técnica a la composición de obras electrónicas en el laboratorio de la WDR (Westdeutscher Rundfunk) en Colonia. Este artículo indaga, por medio del concepto de mediación técnica propuesto por Bruno Latour, cómo el intercambio de propiedades entre humanos y no humanos propiciado por (...) el laboratorio fue modificando el proyecto serial. Como resultado de ese proceso, Stockhausen compuso una serie obras que no pudieron ser completamente prefiguradas a priori, hecho que demandó la creación de nuevas formas de escucha y notación musical. A partir de ello, buscaremos caracterizar la práctica compositiva de Stockhausen desde una perspectiva no modernista, haciendo hincapié en el carácter híbrido y relacional de los eventos musicales. (shrink)

This article considers HLA Hart's influence in the making of John Finnis's book Natural Law and Natural Rights. In the style of an intellectual biography it traces the history of the interaction between the two Oxford legal philosophers using their correspondence as a starting point. It also delves into Finnis's years in Africa—a period of his life both crucial for the writing of the book and utterly unknown. It argues that Hart's role was significant not only insofar as he was (...) behind the idea of the book but also because of the restrained way in which he freely chose to conduct his role as editor despite the extent of the reservations he had regarding Finnis's work, fully revealed here. Given the importance of Natural Law and Natural Rights for what has been called the ‘new natural law theory’ the article concludes by awarding Hart his due credit in the making of one of that theory's main sources of inspiration. (shrink)

RESUMEN: El tema de este trabajo es la reconstrucción de la teoría de la selección natural darwiniana. Me propongo esbozar la ley fundamental de esta teoría de manera informal a partir de sus aplicaciones en El origen de las especies de Darwin y presentar sus conceptos fundamentales. Presentaré la red teórica de leyes especiales que surgen de la especialización de esta ley fundamental. Supondré el estructuralismo como marco metateórico. Señalaré también algunas consecuencias que mi propuesta tiene sobre ciertas discusiones metateóricas (...) en torno a la teoría y, finalmente, relacionaré mi reconstrucción con otras reconstrucciones disponibles.ABSTRACT: This paper is about the reconstruction of the Darwinian Theory of Natural Selection. My aim here is to outline the fundamental law of this theory in an informal way from its applications in The Origin of Species and to make explicit its fundamental concepts. I will introduce the theory-nets of special laws that arisefrom the specialization of the fundamental law. I will assume the metatheoretical structuralist frame. I will also point out many consequences that my proposal has about a few metatheoretical discussions around the theory and, finally, I will relate my propose to other reconstructions available. (shrink)

Abstract: In Mind and World, McDowell conceives of the content of perceptual experiences as conceptual. This picture is supposed to provide a therapy for skepticism, by showing that empirical thinking is objectively and normatively constrained. The paper offers a reconstruction of McDowell's view and shows that the therapy fails. This claim is based on three arguments: 1) the identity conception of truth he exploits is unable to sustain the idea that perception-judgment transitions are normally truth conducing; 2) it could be (...) plausible only from an externalist point of view that is in tension with the view of normativity that motivates conceptualism; 3) the identity conception of truth is incompatible with McDowell's recent version of conceptualism in terms of ‘non-propositional intuitive contents’. (shrink)

Object files are mental representations that enable perceptual systems to keep track of objects as numerically the same. How is their reference fixed? A prominent approach, championed by Zenon Pylyshyn and John Campbell, makes room for a non-satisfactional use of properties to fix reference. This maneuver has enabled them to reconcile a singularist view of reference with the intuition that properties must play a role in reference fixing. This paper examines Campbell’s influential defense of this strategy. After criticizing it, a (...) new approach is sketched. The alternative view introduces representational contents to explain perceptual individuation. After arguing that those contents are not satisfactional, it is concluded that there is room for a third view of reference fixing that does not fit into the singularist/descriptivist dichotomy. (shrink)

En este artículo se utiliza el mito y la figura de Anfitrión para analizar el juego situacional entre los roles antitéticos, pero también complementarios, del anfitrión y el invitado, así como la dialéctica entre lo privado y lo público. Por último, el mito da pie para analizar el complejo papel de la deuda moral en dicha interactuaciónDon, público, privado, deuda moral, anfitrión, invitado.

El presente estudio procura examinar un aspecto del tópico general “Enfermedad y terapéutica del alma” en el pensador del Ponto. El aspecto que –en el marco de dicho tópico– nos interesa abordar aquí es el referente al reconocimiento evagriano de la capacidad confutatoria de la palabra como recurso terapéutico frente a la enfermedad del alma. La palabra tiene, para nuestro autor, una potencialidad terapéutica que puede ser actualizada por el llamado “gnóstico”. Éste, que conoce por experiencia el desorden de los (...) pensamientos y pasiones inherente al alma caída, puede y debe aportar una palabra que cura al desenmascarar y desarticular el núcleo pasional subyacente. El gnóstico es, además, un puente entre el alma enferma y la Palabra sagrada permitiendo que aquélla se vea en ésta configurando –bajo su influjo– su mundo cognitivo y afectivo. (shrink)

Resumen La figura del Abba, central en el monacato cristiano primitivo, recibe en el pensamiento de Evagrio Póntico, primer sistematizador de la espiritualidad monástica, la significativa denominación de “Gnóstico” pues se trata del monje que ha alcanzado un cierto grado de ciencia espiritual -natural primero, sobrenatural después- luego de haber atravesado la Praktiké. Esta última constituye, en la comprensión evagriana del itinerario cristiano, la primera etapa del progreso espiritual caracterizada principalmente por el cumplimiento de los mandamientos con el fin de (...) obtener la virtud. Al cabo de la Praktiké, se alcanza la apátheia que constituye una condición propicia del alma para recibir la ciencia presente en las cosas y en los seres racionales. Evagrio llama “gnóstico” a quien ha recibido por lo menos las primicias de esta ciencia o gnosis. Sitúa así aquel “ministerio de la palabra” que el monacato asigna al Abba, en el marco de su esquema de la vida cristiana, atribuyéndole una función medicinal que encuentra en la figura - cara al cristianismo tardo antiguo- del Cristo médico su arquetipo, su especificidad y su raíz. Nos interesa examinar en esta ocasión el modo en que aparece esta figura del Cristo en la obra de Evagrio Póntico y cómo ella constituiría el modelo y la raíz del ministerio terapeútico que, en el pensamiento evagriano, puede ejercer el gnóstico.The Abba figure, central to early Christian monasticism, receives in the thought of Evagrius Ponticus the significant denomination of "Gnostic" because it is the monk who has attained a certain degree of spiritual science after having crossed the Praktiké. The latter constitutes, in the evagriana understanding of the Christian itinerary, the first stage of the spiritual progress characterized mainly by the fulfillment of the commandments in order to obtain the virtue. At the end of the Praktiké, the apátheia is reached, which constitutes a propitious condition of the soul to receive the science present in things and rational beings. Evagrius calls "gnostic" who has received at least the first fruits of this science or gnosis. The "ministry of the word" that monasticism assigns to the Abba, is, for Evagrius, within this framework of Christian life. Our Author attributes the gnostic a medicinal function which finds in the figure - very important for the Late Antique Christianity- of the “Christ Physician”, its archetype, its specificity and its root. We are interested in examining on this occasion how this figure of Christ appears in the work of Evagrius Ponticus and how it would constitute the model and root of the therapeutic ministry that, in Evagrian thought, can be exercised by the Gnostic. (shrink)

The concept of fitness has generated a lot of discussion in philosophy of biology. There is, however, relative agreement about the need to distinguish at least two uses of the term: ecological fitness on the one hand, and population genetics fitness on the other. The goal of this paper is to give an explication of the concept of ecological fitness by providing a reconstruction of the theory of natural selection in which this concept was framed, that is, based on the (...) way the theory was put to use in Darwin’s main texts. I will contend that this reconstruction enables us to account for the current use of the theory of natural selection. The framework presupposed in the analysis will be that of metatheoretical structuralism. This framework will provide both a better understanding of the nature of ecological fitness and a more complete reconstruction of the theory. In particular, it will provide what I think is a better way of understanding how the concept of fitness is applied through heterogeneous cases. One of the major advantages of my way of thinking about natural selection theory is that it would not have the peculiar metatheoretical status that it has in other available views. I will argue that in order to achieve these goals it is necessary to make several concepts explicit, concepts that are frequently omitted in usual reconstructions. (shrink)

En On the Origin of Species Darwin distingue explícitamente entre tres tipos de selección: la selección natural, la artificial y la sexual. En este trabajo, a partir de un estudio más sistemático que historiográfico, se intenta encontrar la relación entre estos tres tipos de selección en la obra de Darwin. Si bien la distinción entre estos distintos mecanismos es de suma importancia en la obra de Darwin, la tesis de este trabajo es que tanto la selección artificial como la sexual (...) no son mecanismos distintos de la selección natural. Particularmente se sostiene que la selección artificial y la sexual son casos de la natural, y por esto sirven para su contrastación. (shrink)

Theories of emotional justification investigate the conditions under which emotions are epistemically justified or unjustified. I make three contributions to this research program. First, I show that we can generalize some familiar epistemological concepts and distinctions to emotional experiences. Second, I use these concepts and distinctions to display the limits of the ‘simple view’ of emotional justification. On this approach, the justification of emotions stems only from the contents of the mental states they are based on, also known as their (...) cognitive bases. The simple view faces the ‘gap problem’: If cognitive bases and emotions (re)present their objects and properties in different ways, then cognitive bases are not sufficient to justify emotions. Third, I offer a novel solution to the gap problem based on emotional dispositions. This solution (1) draws a line between the justification of basic and non-basic emotions, (2) preserves a broadly cognitivist view of emotions, (3) avoids a form of value skepticism that threatens inferentialist views of emotional justification, and (4) sheds new light on the structure of our epistemic access to evaluative properties. (shrink)

Se indaga la relación que se da en la República entre los dos significados de ousia: como propiedad en el sentido de posesiones y riqueza, o en el sentido de esencia o sustancia. Aparte de las relaciones económicas asociadas al préstamo, al intercambio y al interés, se examina la función que, respecto de la ousia, cumple la moneda en la economía como recurso para disociar la riqueza de las posesiones, con lo cual logra un nivel de universalidad y equivalencia equiparable (...) al del propio ser. The article inquires into the relation established in the Republic between the two meanings of ousia: property in the sense of possessions and wealth, and essence or substance. Besides the economic relations associated with loans, exchange, and interest, the paper examines the role of currency in the economy, with respect to ousia, as a means of dissociating wealth from possessions, thus achieving a degree of universality comparable to that of being itself. (shrink)

El presente trabajo se propone profundizar en una noción característica de la obra del filósofo tardoantiguo, Evagrio Póntico. Dicha noción es la de logismoí. Las distintas modulaciones y sentidos con que Evagrio se refiere a este tópico, justifica la necesidad de acercarse a éste a fin de lograr una conceptualización coherente del mismo que contemple todos sus sentidos. Se trata principalmente de dilucidar si estamos frente a una realidad psíquica y/o frente a lo que nuestro autor considera una sugestión preternatural. (...) Creemos que comprender estos como el correlato cognitivo de las pasiones, enfermas a raíz de la ignorancia de sí, constituye la clave de bóveda para acceder a una conceptualización coherente. (shrink)

Philosophical accounts of moral responsibility are standardly framed by two platitudes. According to them, blame requires the presence of a moral defect in the agent and the absence of excuses. In this chapter, this kind of approach is challenged. It is argued that (a) people sometimes violate moral norms due to performance mistakes, (b) it often appears reasonable to hold them responsible for it, and (c) their mistakes cannot be traced to their moral qualities or to the presence of excuses. (...) In the end, the implications for discussions of moral responsibility are discussed. (shrink)

Suele señalarse la fuerte influencia que la teología natural tuvo sobre Darwin en su conceptualización del fenómeno de la adaptación. La teoría de la selección natural explicaría el mismo fenómeno que los teólogos naturales querían explicar: la adaptación. Recientemente ha sido señalado, sin embargo, que la forma darwiniana de conceptualizar la adaptación es novedosa. Las adaptaciones de la teología natural presupondrían la idea de que los organismos existen para la realización y manutención del equilibrio natural establecido por el creador. El (...) punto de este trabajo discutir esta cuestión, asumiendo el marco del estructuralismo metateórico. The strong influence that natural theology had over Darwin’s conceptualization of the adaptation phenomenon is frequently noted. The natural selection theory would explain the same phenomenon that the natural theologist intended to explain: the adaptation. Recently has been claimed, on the contrary, that the Darwinian way of conceptualizing adaptation is new. The concept of adaptation from natural theology presupposes the idea that organisms exist for realization and support of the natural equilibrium stated by the creator. In this work I will discuss this point, assuming the metatheoretical structuralism frame. (shrink)

Radical skepticism relies on the hypothesis that one could be completely cut off from the external world. In this paper, I argue that this hypothesis can be rationally motivated by means of a conceivability argument. Subsequently, I submit that this conceivability argument does not furnish a good reason to believe that one could be completely cut off from the external world. To this end, I show that we cannot adequately conceive scenarios that verify the radical skeptical hypothesis. Attempts to do (...) so fall prey to one or another of three pitfalls: they end up incomplete, reveal a deep contradiction or recreate a non-skeptical hypothesis. I use these results to improve upon Pritchard’s recent attempt at undercutting radical skepticism. (shrink)

It is widely assumed that perception is a source of reasons (SR). There is a weak sense in which this claim is trivially true: even if one characterizes perception in purely causal terms, perceptual beliefs originate from the mind's interaction with the world. When philosophers argue for (SR), however, they have a stronger view in mind: they claim that perception provides pre- or non-doxastic reasons for belief. In this article I examine some ways of developing this view and criticize them. (...) I exploit these results to formulate a series of constraints that a satisfactory account of the epistemic role of perception should fulfil. I also make a positive suggestion: coherentists are right when they claim that only beliefs can be reasons for other beliefs. Nevertheless, I depart from traditional coherentism, for I do not buy its conception of perception as bare sensation, nor explicate the justificatory status of beliefs in terms of coherence. My point is rather that, when one invokes experience to justify a belief, the justifying state must have structural features of beliefs. (shrink)

En este artículo, se pretende brindar una nueva perspectiva al respecto de la atribución de funciones en biología. La idea consiste en considerar que los conceptos funcionales son conceptos primitivos de una teoría científica, tal como desarrollada por Darwin en sus textos sobre la fecundación cruzada. Intentaré mostrar que teorías, que hacen ese uso de los conceptos funcionales, tienen características sintomáticas de teorías consideradas habitualmente genuinas y compararé mi enfoque con otros alternativos acerca de las funciones. En la reconstrucción, se (...) presupondrán las herramientas del estructuralismo metateórico. (shrink)

French epistemology of mathematics — Cavailles, Lautman, Herbrand — took a critical position about the project for a theory of science stated by the Vienna Circle. The opportunity was provided by the International Congress of Philosophy of Science celebrated in Prague in 1936. The position taken by Cavailles and Lautmann was surprisingly close to that taken by Tarski's introduction of semantics and to Wittgenstein's Tractatus. More specifically, to those parts of the Tractatus that were disqualified by Carnap. This criticism will (...) be a part of what would later constitute "mathematical philosophy". (shrink)

This research attempts to provide keys to understanding the choice of partner in Argentina. Through analysis of the concepts "homogamy" and "heterogamy" within the context of educational levels, we can see that the marriage market is not random. The processes are influenced composition of spouses, as we noted in the study, a strong socio-economic conditions that also allow us to know the situation of women in recent decades.

Al concluir su estudio sobre la genealogía del lenguaje cinematográfico, Noël Burch declara: «Me parece evidente que el extraordinario éxito del cine, como industria de placer y como instrumento de manipulación (o de movilización) procede precisamente de la perfecta armonización entre el sistema de representación construido entre 1895 y 1929 y las estructuras inherentes al psiquismo occidental tal y como las formulan la teoría y la práctica psicoanalíticas»; y acaba proponiendo como vía de investigación productiva el análisis de las homologías (...) entre las estructuras arquetípicas de la fantasía y las del modo de representación institucionalizado en el cine. Hoy parece más oportuno todavía retomar estas consideraciones, puesto que la utilización de imágenes estructuradas según el lenguaje clásico del cine para manipular la conciencia pública es más evidente que nunca…. (shrink)

This paper introduces a body of research on Organizational Behavior and Industrial/organizational Psychology that expands the range of empirical evidence relevant to the ongoing character-situation debate. This body of research, mostly neglected by moral philosophers, provides important insights to move the debate forward. First, the OB/io scholarship provides empirical evidence to show that social environments like organizations have significant power to shape the character traits of their members. This scholarship also describes some of the mechanisms through which this process of (...) reshaping character takes place. Second, the character-situation debate has narrowly focused on situational influences that affect behavior episodically and haphazardly. The OB/io research, however, highlights the importance of distinguishing such situational influences from influences that, like organizational influences, shape our character traits because they are continuous and coordinated. Third, the OB/io literature suggests that most individuals display character traits that, while local to the organization, can be consistent across situations. This puts pressure on the accounts of character proposed by traditional virtue ethics and situationism and provides empirical support to interactionist models based on cognitive-affective processing system theories of personality. Finally, the OB/io literature raises important challenges to the possibility of achieving virtue, provides valuable and untapped resources to cultivate character, and suggests new avenues of normative and empirical research. (shrink)

Austere relationism rejects the orthodox analysis of hallucinations and illusions as incorrect perceptual representations. In this article, I argue that illusions of optimal motion present a serious challenge for this view. First, I submit that austere-relationist accounts of misleading experiences cannot be adapted to account for IOMs. Second, I show that any attempt at elucidating IOMs within an austere-relationist framework undermines the claim that perceptual experiences fundamentally involve relations to mind-independent objects. Third, I develop a representationalist model of IOMs. The (...) proposed analysis combines two ideas: Evans' dynamic modes of presentation and Fine's relational semantics for identity. (shrink)

Scholars who favor shareholder primacy usually claim either that managers should not fulfill corporate duties of beneficence or that, if they are required to fulfill them, they do so by going against their obligations to shareholders. Distinguishing between structurally different types of duties of beneficence and recognizing the full force of the normative demands imposed on managers reveal that this view needs to be qualified. Although it is correct to think that managers, when acting on behalf of shareholders, are not (...) required to fulfill wide duties of charity, they are nevertheless required to fulfill a variety of narrow duties of beneficence. What is more, the obligation to fulfill these duties arises precisely because they are acting on behalf of shareholders. As such, this article 1) refines our understanding of the duties of corporate beneficence and 2) helps to identify which duties of beneficence are imposed on managers when they are acting on behalf of shareholders. (shrink)

Michael Marder: Could you summarize the main contributions of your new book, Hermeneutic Communism: From Heidegger to Marx, co-authored with Gianni Vattimo, to contemporary political philosophy?Santiago Zabala: Well, as the subtitle indicates, we do not demand a return to Marx, as so many philosophers do today, but rather the retrieval of his thought through Heidegger, or, better, through hermeneutics. The problem with contemporary political philosophy is bound to the prejudice people hold toward Heidegger's, Nietzsche's, and Gadamer's political sympathies and (...) choices. While one of them clearly made an error, the others were quite conservative and in…. (shrink)

Resumen: Usualmente se ha asumido que una única distinción puede dar cuenta del rol que cumplen los conceptos en una teoría respecto de la contrastación y respecto de la explicación. Intentaremos mostrar que esta asunción es incorrecta. Por una parte, no hay razones para considerar que esta coincidencia deba darse, y por otra, como se intentará mostrar a partir de varios ejemplos, de hecho, no se da. La base de contrastación de una teoría no tiene por qué coincidir con el (...) explanandum de la teoría. Para defender este punto se asumirá el estructuralismo metateórico. Se extraerán consecuencias para la concepción metateórica presupuesta. Palabras claves: Explicación; contrastación; T-teoricidad; Estructuralismo metateórico; Distinción teórico observacional -/- Title: Explain and test Abstract: It is usually held that one distinction can account for the role that concepts play in a theory regarding both test and explanation. We will demonstrate that this assumption is incorrect. On the one hand, there is no reason to think that this coincidence should exist. On the other, this is not the case, as we will show analysing several examples. The testing basis of a theory does not have to coincide with the explanandum of the theory. To defend this point we will endorse de metatheoretical structuralism. In addition, we will consider some repercussions that this discussion has for the assumed metatheoretical framework. Key-words: Explanation; Test; T-theoreticity; Metatheoretical Structuralism; Theoretical observational distinction . (shrink)

RESUMEN: El presente trabajo examina dos de los principales modelos de exposición del pensamiento político de Tomás de Aquino vigentes en el siglo XX. Uno, en cuya representación se ha escogido la obra de Eschmann, mira a la relación de la obra del Aquinate con sus predecesores; el otro, adecuadamente representado por Ullmann, mira a la relación de dicha obra con el pensamiento que se proyecta a partir de él hacia la Modernidad. Al determinar tanto las virtudes cuanto limitaciones propias (...) de estos modelos hermenéuticos, se hace posible advertir las virtualidades presentes en los mismos, abriendo nuevos caminos de investigación que superen la tensión concebida entre el poder eclesiástico y el civil, así como el temor por reanimar un concepto que, si bien embrionario en la obra del autor medieval, es imprescindible para comprender cabalmente su reactivación del republicanismo aristotélico. Tal es el concepto de nación. ABSTRACT: The present paper deals with two of the main 20th Century hermeneutic models that explain the political thought of Thomas Aquinas. One, well represented by the work of I. Th. Eschmann, regards the relation between Aquinas and his predecessors. The other, well represented by W. Ullmann, looks at the relation between Aquinas and modern thought. In demarcating the virtues as well the limitations of these two hermeneutic models, it is possible to understand the potentialities present in them and to discover new ways for overcoming, on the one hand, the imagined strain between the power of ecclesiastical and the civil authorities, and, on the other hand, fears regarding the concept of nation. This last concept, although embryonic in Aquinas' works, is essential to not misunderstanding his Aristotelian republicanism. (shrink)